ὁ

ἡ,τό, is, when thus written,demonstr. Pronoun. in Att. , definite or prepositive Article. in Ep. , the so-called postpositive Article,=relative Pronoun,ὅς, ἥ, ὅ.—The nom. masc. and fem. sg. and pl.,ὁ,ἡ,οἱ,αἱ, have no accent in codd. and most printed books, exc. when used as the relative ; butὁ,ἡ,οἱ , αἱdiffer only in writing fromὃ, ἣ, οἳ, αἳ; the nom. forms of the article are said by Hdn.Gr. 1.474 to be oxytone, and by A.D. Pron. 8.7 not to be enclitic. The formsτῶν, τοῖς, ταῖςwere barytone (i. e.τὼν, τοὶς, ταὶς) in Aeol. acc. to Aristarch. ap. A.D. Synt. 51.26 . Forοἱ , αἱsome dialects (not Cypr. , cf. Inscr.Cypr. 135.30H. , nor Cret., cf. Leg.Gort. 5.28 , nor Lesbian, cf. Alc. 81 , Sapph. Supp. 5.1 ) and Hom. haveτοί, ταί(thoughοἱ , αἱare also found in Hom. ) : other Homeric formsare gen. sg.τοῖο,gen. and dat. dual τοῖιν Od. 18.34 , al. : gen. pl. fem.τάων[ᾱ],dat.τοῖσι, τῇςandτῇσι,neverταῖσιorταῖςin Hom. — In Dor. and all other dialects exc. Att. and Ion. the fem. forms preserve the oldᾱinstead of changing it toη,hence Dor. etc.ἁ, τάν, τᾶς; the gen. pl.τάωνcontracts in many dialects toτᾶν; the gen. sg. is in many placesτῶ,acc. pl.τώς,but Cret., etc.,τόνς( Leg.Gort. 7.7 , al.) orτός(ib. 3.50 , al.) ; in Lesbian Aeol. the acc. pl. forms areτοὶς, ταὶς, IG 12(2).645 A 13 , B 62 ; dat. pl.τοῖς, ταῖς(orτοὶς, ταὶς, v.supr.), ib. 645 A 8 , ib. 1.6 ;ταῖσιas demonstr., Sapph. 16 . The Att. Poets also used the Ion. and Ep. formsτοῖσι, ταῖσι; and in Trag. we findτοὶ μέν . . , τοὶ δέ . . ,forοἱ μέν . . , οἱ δέ . . ,not only in lyr., as A. Pers. 584 , Th. 295 , 298 ; οἱ μέν . . τοὶ δ' S. Aj. 1404 (anap.) ; but even in a trimeter, A. Pers. 424 . In Att. the dual has usu. only one gender,τὼ θεώ(forτὰ θεά) And. 1.113 sq. ;τὼ πόλεεFoed. ap. Th. 5.23 ; τὼ ἡμέρα X. Cyr. 1.2.11 ; τὼ χεῖρε Id. Mem. 2.3.18 ; τοῖν χεροῖν Pl. Tht. 155e ; τοῖν γενεσέοιν Id. Phd. 71e ; τοῖν πολέοιν Isoc. 4.75 (τά S. Ant. 769 , Ar. Eq. 424 , 484 , ταῖν Lys. 19.17 , Is. 5.16 , etc. have been corrected) ; in Arc. the formτοῖςfunctions as gen. dual fem., μεσακόθεν τοῖς κράναιυν Schwyzer 664.8 (Orchom.,iv B.C.) :—in Elean and Boeot. ὁ , ἡ ̔ἁ̓,τό,with the addition of-ί, = ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε , nom.pl. masc.τυί̈ the followingmen, Schwyzer 485.14 (Thespiae,iii B.C.), al., cf. infr. VIII. 5 . (Withὁ , ἁ,cf. Skt. demonstr. pron.sa, sā,Goth.sa, sō,ONorsesá, sú,Old Lat. acc.sum, sam(Enn.) : —withτό[fromΤόδ] cf. Skt.tat (tad),Lat.is-tud,Goth.pata: —withτοίcf. Skt.te,Lith.tĩe,O E. pá,etc. :—withτάωνcf. Skt.tāsām,Lat.is-tarum:— the origin of the relativeὅς, ἥ, ὅ(q. v.) is different.) ὁ,ἡ,τό, DEMONSTR. PRONOUN,that,the oldest and in Hom. the commonest sense : freq. also in Hdt. ( 1.86 , 5.35 ,al.), and sts. in Trag. (mostly in lyr., A. Supp. 1047 , etc.; in trimeters, Id. Th. 197 , Ag. 7 , Eu. 174 ;τῶν γάρ . . , τῆς γάρ . . , Id. Supp. 358 , S. OT 1082 ; seldom in Att. Prose, exc. in special phrases,v.infr. VI, VII) : joined with aSubst., to call attention to it,ὁ Τυδεί̈δης he—Tydeus'famousson, Il. 11.660 ;τὸν Χρύσην that venerable manChryses, I.II : and so with Appellat.,Νέστωρ ὁ γέρωνN.—thataged man, 7.324 ;αἰετοῦ . . τοῦ θηρητῆροςthe eagle,that which is calledhunter, 21.252 , al. ; also to define and give emphasis,τιμῆς τῆς Πριάμουfor honour,namely thatof Priam, 20.181 ;οἴχετ' ἀνὴρ ὤριστοςa man is gone,and hethe best, 11.288 , cf. 13.433 , al.: sts. with words between the Pron. and Noun, αὐτὰρ ὁ αὖτε Πέλοψ 2.105 ; τὸν Ἕκτορι μῦθον ἐνίσπες 11.186 , cf. 703 , al. :—different from this are caseslike Il. 1.409 αἴ κέν πως ἐθέλῃσιν ἐπὶ Τρώεσσιν ἀρῆξαι, τοὺς δὲ κατὰ πρύμνας τε καὶ ἀμφ' ἅλα ἔλσαι Ἀχαιούςif he would help the Trojans, but drivethoseback to the ships—I meanthe Achaeans, whereἈχ.is only added to explainτούς,cf. 1.472 , 4.20 , 329 , al. freq. without aSubst.,he, she, it, ὁ γὰρ ἦλθε Il. 1.12 , al. placed after its Noun, before the Relat. Prons.,ἐφάμην σὲ περὶ φρένας ἔμμεναι ἄλλων, τῶν ὅσσοι Λυκίην ναιετάουσιfar above the rest,above those to witwho, etc., Il. 17.172 ;οἷ' οὔ πώ τιν' ἀκούομεν οὐδὲ παλαιῶν, τάων αἳ πάρος ἦσαν . . Ἀχαιαίsuch as we have not heard tell of yet even among the women of old,those women to witwho . . , Od. 2.119 , cf. Il. 5.332 ; θάλαμον τὸν ἀφίκετο, τόν ποτε τέκτων ξέσσεν Od. 21.43 , cf. 1.116 , 10.74 :—for the Att. usagev.infr. before a Possessive Pron. its demonstr. force is sts. very manifest,φθίσει σε τὸ σὸν μένος thatspirit of thine, Il. 6.407 , cf. 11.608 ; but in 15.58 , 16.40 , and elsewh. it is merely the Art. for cases in which the Homeric usage approaches most nearly to the Attic,v.infr. B. init. ὁ μέν . . , ὁ δέ . .without aSubst., in all cases, genders, and numbers, Hom. , etc. : sts. in Opposition, whereὁ μένprop. refers tothe former, ὁ δέtothe latter; more rarelyὁ μέν the latter, ὁ δέ the former, Pl. Prt. 359e , Isoc. 2.32 , 34 : sts. in Partition,the one . . , the other . . ,etc.—The Noun with it is regularly in gen. pl., being divided by theὁ μέν . . , ὁ δέ . . ,into parts, ἠί̈θεοι καὶ παρθένοι . . , τῶν δ' αἱ μὲν λεπτὰς ὀθόνας ἔχον, οἱ δὲ χιτῶνας εἵατο Il. 18.595 ; τῶν πόλεων αἱ μὲν τυραννοῦνται, αἱ δὲ δημοκρατοῦνται, αἱ δὲ ἀριστοκρατοῦνται Pl. R. 338d , etc. : but freq. the Noun is in the same case, by a kind of apposition, ἴδον υἷε Δάρητος, τὸν μὲν ἀλευάμενον τὸν δὲ κτάμενον Il. 5.28 , cf. Od. 12.73 , etc.: so in Trag. and Att. , S. Ant. 22 , etc. ; πηγὴ ἡ μὲν εἰς αὐτὸν ἔδυ, ἡ δὲ ἔξω ἀπορρεῖ Pl. Phdr. 255c ; if the Noun be collective, it is in the gen. sg., ὁ μὲν πεπραμένος ἦν τοῦ σίτου, ὁ δὲ ἔνδον ἀποκείμενος D. 42.6 : sts. a Noun is added in apposition withὁ μένor ὁ δέ, ὁ μὲν οὔτας' Ἀτύμνιον ὀξέϊ δουρὶ Ἀντίλοχος . . , Μάρις δὲ . . Il. 16.317 - 19 , cf. 116 ; τοὺς μὲν τὰ δίκαια ποιεῖν ἠνάγκασα, τοὺς πλουσίους, τοὺς δὲ πένητας κτλ. D. 18.102 , cf. Pl. Grg. 501a , etc. when a neg. accompaniesὁ δέ,it followsδέ,e.g. τὰς γοῦν Ἀθήνας οἶδα τὸν δὲ χῶρον οὔ S. OC 24 ; τὸν φιλόσοφον σοφίας ἐπιθυμητὴν εἶναι, οὐ τῆς μὲν τῆς δ' οὔ, ἀλλὰ πάσης Pl. R. 475b ; οὐ πάσας χρὴ τὰς δόξας τιμᾶν, ἀλλὰ τὰς μὲν τὰς δ' οὔ: οὐδὲ πάντων, ἀλλὰ τῶν μὲν τῶν δ' οὔ Id. Cri. 47a , etc. ὁ μέν τις . . , ὁ δέ τις . .is used in Prose, when the Noun to whichὁrefers is left indefinite, ἔλεγον ὁ μέν τις τὴν σοφίαν, ὁ δὲ τὴν καρτερίαν . . , ὁ δέ τις καὶ τὸ κάλλος X. Cyr. 3.1.41 ; νόμους . . τοὺς μὲν ὀρθῶς τιθέασιν τοὺς δέ τινας οὐκ ὀρθῶς Pl. R. 339c , cf. Phlb. 13c . onτὸ μέν . . , τὸ δέ . . ,orτὰ μέν . . , τὰ δέ . . , v.infr. VIII. 4 . ὁ μένis freq. used without a corresponding ὁ δέ, οἱ μὲν ἄρ' ἐσκίδναντο . . , Μυρμιδόνας δ' οὐκ εἴα ἀποσκίδνασθαι Il. 23.3 , cf. 24.722 , Th. 8.12 , etc.: also folld. by ἀλλά, ἡ μὲν γάρ μ' ἐκέλευε . . , ἀλλ' ἐγὼ οὐκ ἔθελον Od. 7.304 ; byἄλλος δέ, Il. 6.147 , etc. ; τὸν μὲν . . , ἕτερον δέ Ar. Av. 843 , etc. ; ὁ μέν . . , ὃς δέ . . Thgn. 205 ( v.l. οὐδέ ) : less freq.ὁ δέin the latter clause withoutὁ μένpreceding,τῇ ῥα παραδραμέτην φεύγων, ὁ δ' ὄπισθε διώκων(forὁ μὲν φεύγων) Il. 22.157 ; σφραγῖδε . . χρυσοῦν ἔχουσα τὸν δακτύλιον, ἡ δ' ἑτέρα ἀργυροῦν IG 22.1388.45 , cf. μέν D. III ; γεωργὸς μὲν εἷς, ὁ δὲ οἰκοδόμος, ἄλλος δέ τις ὑφαντής Pl. R. 369d , cf. Tht. 181d . ὁ δέfollowingμένsts. refers to the subject of the preceding clause, τοῦ μὲν ἅμαρθ', ὁ δὲ Λεῦκον . . βεβλήκει Il. 4.491 ; τὴν μὲν γενομένην αὐτοῖσι αἰτίην οὐ μάλα ἐξέφαινε, ὁ δὲ ἔλεγέ σφι Hdt. 6.3 , cf. 1.66 , 6.9 , 133 , 7.6 : rare in Att. Prose, ἐπεψήφιζεν αὐτὸς ἔφορος ὤν: ὁ δὲ οὐκ ἔφη διαγιγνώσκειν τὴν βοήν Th. 1.87 ; ἔμενον ὡς κατέχοντες τὸ ἄκρον: οἱ δ' οὐ κατεῖχον X. An. 4.2.6 : this is different fromὁ δέin apodosi,v.infr. 7 ; also from passages in which both clauses have a common verb, v. ὅ γε 11 . ὁ δέis freq. used simply in continuing a narrative, Il. 1.43 , etc.; also used by Hom. in apodosi after a relat., v. ὅδε 111.3 . the opposition may be expressed otherwise than byμένand δέ, οὔθ' ὁ . . οὔθ' ὁ Il. 15.417 ; ἢ τοῖσιν ἢ τοῖς A. Supp. 439 ; οὔτε τοῖς οὔτε τοῖς Pl. Lg. 701e . the following usages prevailed in Att. Prose, in dialogue, afterκαί,it was usual to say in nom. sg. masc.καὶ ὅς; in the other cases the usual forms of the Art. were used (v. ὅς A. II.I and cf. Skt.sas,alternat. form ofsa) ; so, in acc., καὶ τὸν εἰπεῖν Pl. Smp. 174a , cf. X. Cyr. 1.3.9 , etc.; also in Hdt. , καὶ τὴν φράσαι 6.61 , al. ὁ καὶ ὁ such and such, τῇ καὶ τῇ ἀτιμίᾳ Pl. Lg. 721b : but mostly in acc., καί μοι κάλει τὸν καὶ τόν Lys. 1.23 , cf. Pl. Lg. 784d ; τὰ καὶ τὰ πεπονθώς D. 21.141 , cf. 9.68 ; τὸ καὶ τό Id. 18.243 ;ἀνάγκη ἄρα τὸ καὶ τόit must then beso and so, Arist. Rh. 1401a4 , cf. 1413a22 ; butτὰ καὶ τά now one thing, now another,of good and bad, τὸν δ' ἀγαθὸν τολμᾶν χρὴ τά τε καὶ τὰ φέρειν Thgn. 398 , cf. Pi. P. 5.55 , 7.20 , al.; τῶν τε καὶ τῶν καιρόν Id. O. 2.53 ; soπάντα τοῦ μετρίου μεταβαλλόμενα ἐπὶ τὰ καὶ ἐπὶ τά,of excess and defect, Hp. Acut. 46 ; cf. A. VI. 8 . abs. usages of single cases, fem. dat.τῇ,of Place,there, on that spot, here, this way, that way, Il. 5.752 , 858 , al.: folld. byᾗ, 13.52 , etc.: also in Prose, τὸ μὲν τῇ, τὸ δὲ τῇ X. Ath. 2.12 . with a notion of motion towards,that way, in that direction, Il. 10.531 , 11.149 , 12.124 ; τῇ ἴμεν ᾗ . . 15.46 ; δελφῖνες τῇ καὶ τῇ ἐθύνεον ἰχθυάοντες Hes. Sc. 210 :—only poet. of Manner, τῇ περ τελευτήσεσθαι ἔμελλεν in this way, thus, Od. 8.510 . repeated,τῇ μέν . . , τῇ δέ . . , in one way . . , in another . . ,orpartly . . , partly . . , E. Or. 356 , Pl. Smp. 211a , etc.: without μέν, τῇ μᾶλλον, τῇ δ' ἧσσον Parm. 8.48 . relat.,where, by which way,only Ep. , as Il. 12.118 , Od. 4.229 . neut. dat.τῷ, therefore, on this account,freq. in Hom. , Il. 1.418 , 2.254 , al. (v. infr.) : also in Trag., A. Pr. 239 , S. OT 510 (lyr.) ; in Prose, τῷ τοι . . Pl. Tht. 179d , Sph. 230b . thus, so, Il. 2.373 , 13.57 , etc.: it may also, esp. whenεἰprecedes, be translated,then, if this be so, on this condition, Od. 1.239 , 3.224 , 258 ,al., Theoc. 29.11 .—In Hom. the true form is prob.τῶ,as in cod. A, orτώ,cf. A.D. Adv. 199.2 . neut. acc.τό,wherefore, Il. 3.176 , Od. 8.332 , al., S. Ph. 142 (lyr.) ; alsoτὸ δέabs., butthe fact is . . , Pl. Ap. 23a , Men. 97c , Phd. 109d , Tht. 157b , R. 340d , Lg. 967a ; even when theτόrefers to what precedes, the contrast may lie not in the thing referred to, but in another part of the sentence (cf. supr. VI. 6 ), τὸ δ' ἐπὶ κακουργίᾳ . . ἐπετήδευσαν Th. 1.37 ; τὸ δὲ . . ἡμῖν μᾶλλον περιέσται Id. 2.89 ;φασὶ δέ τινες αὐτὸν καὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφῶν γεγονέναι: τὸ δὲ οὐκ ἦνbut he was not, Nic.Dam. 58J. τὸ μέν . . , τὸ δέ . . , partly . . , partly . . ,oron the one hand . . , on the other . . , Th. 7.36 , etc., cf. Od. 2.46 ; more freq.τὰ μέν . . , τὰ δέ . . , Hdt. 1.173 , S. Tr. 534 , etc.; also τὰ μέν τι . . , τὰ δέ τι . . X. An. 4.1.14 ; τὸ μέν τι . . , τὸ δέ τι . . Luc. Macr. 14 ; τὰ μέν . . , τὸ δὲ πλέον . . Th. 1.90 : sts. withoutτὸ μέν . .in the first clause, τὸ δέ τι Id. 1.107 , 7.48 : rarely of Time,τὰ μὲν πολλὰ . . , τέλος δέseveraltimes . .and finally, Hdt. 3.85 . of Time, sts.thattime, sts.this(present) time,συνμαχία κ' ἔα ἑκατὸν ϝέτεα, ἄρχοι δέ κα τοί̈(where it is possible, but not necessary, to supplyϝέτος) SIG 9.3 (Olympia,vi B.C.): so with Preps.,ἐκ τοῦ, Ep. τοῖο,fromthattime, Il. 1.493 , 15.601 . πρὸ τοῦ,sts. writtenπροτοῦ, before this, aforetime, Hdt. 1.103 , 122 , 5.55 , A. Ag. 1204 , Ar. Nu. 5 , etc.; ἐν τῷ πρὸ τοῦ χρόνῳ Th. 1.32 , cf. A. Eu. 462 ; τὸ πρὸ τοῦ D.S. 20.59 . in Thess. Prose,ὑππρὸ τᾶς yesterday, τὰ ψαφίσματα τό τε ὑππρὸ τᾶς γενόμενον καὶ τὸ τᾶμονthe decree which was passedyesterday(lit. beforethis[day]), and to-day's, IG 9(2).517.43 (Larissa,iii B.C.). ἐν τοῖςis freq. used in Prose with Superlatives,ἐν τοῖσι θειότατονamostmarvellous thing, Hdt. 7.137 ;ἐν τοῖς πρῶτοιtheveryfirst, Th. 1.6 , etc.;ἐν τοῖσι πρῶτος(πρώτοιςcodd.) Pherecr. 145.4 ;[ζεὺς] Ἔρωτά τε καὶ Ἀνάγκην ἐν τοῖς πρῶτα ἐγέννησενfirstof all, Aristid. Or. 43(1).16 , cf. 37(2).2 : when used with fem. Nouns,ἐν τοῖςremained without change of gender,ἐν τοῖς πλεῖσται δὴ νῆεςthe greatest number of ships, Th. 3.17 ;ἐν τοῖς πρώτη ἐγένετο(sc.ἡ στάσις) ib. 82 : also with Advbs., ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα Id. 8.90 , Pl. Cri. 52a , Plu. 2.74e , 421d , 723e , Brut. 6 , 11 ,al., Paus. 1.16.3 , etc.; ἐν τοῖς χαλεπώτατα Th. 7.71 ; τὴν Αἴγυπτον ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα μελάγγειον οὖσαν Plu. 2.364c : in late Prose, also with Positives, ἐν τοῖς παράδοξον Aristid. Or. 48(24).47 codd.; with πάνυ, ἐν τοῖς πάνυ D.H. 1.19 , cf. 66 (ἐν ταῖς πάνυ f.l. 4.14 , 15 ). ὁ,ἡ,τό, THE DEFINITE ARTICLE,the,to specify individuals : rare in this signf. in the earliest Gr., becoming commoner later. In Hom. the demonstr. force can generally be traced,v.supr. A. I, but the definite Art. must be recognized in placeslike Il. 1.167 , 7.412 , 9.309 , 12.289 , Od. 19.372 : also when joined to anAdj.to make it aSubst., αἰὲν ἀποκτείνων τὸν ὀπίστατον the hindmost man, Il. 11.178 ; τὸν ἄριστον 17.80 ; τὸν δύστηνον 22.59 ; τὸν προὔχοντα 23.325 ;τῷ πρώτῳ . . , τῷ δευτέρῳ . . ,etc., ib. 265s q. ; also in τῶν ἄλλων 2.674 , al.: with Advs., τὸ πρίν 24.543 , al.; τὸ πάρος περ 17.720 ; τὸ πρόσθεν 23.583 ; alsoτὸ τρίτονib. 733 ; τὰ πρῶτα 1.6 ,al.;τὸ μὲν ἄλλοfortherest, 23.454 ; ἀνδρῶν τῶν τότε 9.559 .—The true Art., however, is first fully established in fifth-cent. Att. , whilst the demonstr. usagedisappears, exc. in a few cases, V. A. VI-VIII.—Chief usages, esp. in Att. not only with common Appellats., Adjs., and Parts., to specify them as present to sense or mind, but also freq. where we use the Possessive Pron., τὸ κέαρ ηὐφράνθην Ar. Ach. 5 ;τὴν κεφαλὴν κατεάγην myhead was broken, And. 1.61 , etc. ;τοὺς φίλους ποιούμεθαwe makeourfriends, S. Ant. 190 ;τὰς πόλεις ἔκτιζονthey began foundingtheircities, Th. 1.12 ; οὐχ ὑπὲρ τὴν οὐσίαν ποιούμενοι τοὺς παῖδας Pl. R. 372b . omitted with pr.nn.and freq. with Appellats. which require no specification, asθεός, βασιλεύς, v. θεός 1.1 ,βασιλεύςIII ;ἐμ πόλειintheAcropolis, IG 12.4.1 , al.: but added to pr. nn., when attention is to be called to the previous mention of the person, as Th. ( 3.70 ) speaks first ofΠειθίαςand then refers to him repeatedly asὁ Π.; cf.Θράσυλοςin Id. 8.104 , withὁ Θ.ib. 105 ; or when the person spoken of is to be specially distinguished,Ζεύς, ὅστις ὁ ΖεύςwhoeverthisZeus is, E. Fr. 480 ; and therefore properly omitted when a special designation follows, asΣωκράτης ὁ φιλόσοφος: seldom in Trag. with pr. nn., save to give pecul. emphasis,likeLat.ille, ὁ Λάϊος, ὁ Φοῖβος, S. OT 729 , El. 35 , etc. : later, however, the usage became very common (the Homeric usage ofὁwith a pr. n. is different,v.A.I). Aristotle saysΣωκράτηςmeaning the historical Socrates, as in SE 183b7 , PA 642a28 , al., butὁ Σωκράτηςwhen he means the Platonic Socrates, as Pol. 1261a6 , al.: so with other pr.nn., EN 1145a21 , 1146a21 , al. forΣαῦλος ὁ καὶ Παῦλος,etc., v. καί B. 2 . in a generic sense, where the individual is treated as a type, οἷς ὁ γέρων μετέῃσιν . . λεύσσει Il. 3.109 ; πονηρὸν ὁ συκοφάντης D. 18.242 , etc. freq. with abstract Nouns, ἥ τε ἐλπὶς καὶ ὁ ἔρως Th. 3.45 , etc. of outstanding members of a class,ὁ γεωγράφος, ὁ κωμικός, ὁ ποιητής, ὁ τεχνικός, v. γεωγράφος, κωμικός, ποιητής, τεχνικός. with infs., which thereby become Substs.,τὸ εἴργεινprevention, Pl. Grg. 505b ;τὸ φρονεῖνgood sense, S. Ant. 1348 (anap.), etc.: when the subject is expressed it is put between the Art.and theinf.,τὸ θεοὺς εἶναι theexistence of gods, Pl. Phd. 62b ;τὸ μηδένα εἶναι ὄλβιον the factorstatementthat no one is happy, Hdt. 1.86 . in neut. before any word or expression which itself is made the object of thought,τὸ ἄνθρωπος the wordornotionman ;τὸ λέγω the word λέγω;τὸ μηδὲν ἄγαν the sentiment'ne quid nimis', E. Hipp. 265 (lyr.);τὸ τῇ αὐτῇ the phrase τῇ αὐτῇ, Pl. Men. 72e : and so before whole clauses,ἡ δόξα . . περὶ τοῦ οὕστινας δεῖ ἄρχεινthe opinion aboutthe question'who ought to rule', Id. R. 431e ;τὸ ἐὰν μένητε παρ' ἐμοί, ἀποδώσω the phrase'I will give back, if . . ', X. Cyr. 5.1.21 , cf. Pl. R. 327c , etc.; τοὺς τοῦ τί πρακτέον λογισμούς D. 23.148 ;τὸ ὀλίγοι the termfew, Arist. Pol. 1283b11 . before relat. clauses, when the Art. serves to combine the whole relat. clause into one notion,τῇ ᾗ φὴς σὺ σκληρότητι theharshness you speak of, Pl. Cra. 435a ;τὸν ἥμερον καρπόν . . , καὶ τὸν ὅσος ξύλινος(i.e.καὶ τὸν καρπὸν ὅσος ἂν ᾖ ξύλινος) Id. Criti. 115b ; τῶν ὅσοι ἂν . . ἀγαθοὶ κριθῶσιν Id. R. 469b ; ἐκ γῆς καὶ πυρὸς μείξαντες καὶ τῶν ὅσα πυρὶ καὶ γῇ κεράννυται Id. Prt. 320d , cf. Hyp. Lyc. 2 ; ταύτην τε τὴν αἰτίαν καὶ τὴν ὅθεν ἡ κίνησις Arist. Metaph. 987a8 ; τὸν ὃς ἔφη Lys. 23.8 : hence the relat., by attraction, freq. follows the case of the Art.,τοῖς οἵοις ἡμῖν τε καὶ ὑμῖν,i.e.τοῖς οὖσιν οἷοι ἡμεῖς καὶ ὑμεῖς, X. HG 2.3.25 , etc. before Prons., before the pers. Prons., giving them greater emphasis, but only in acc., τὸν ἐμέ Pl. Tht. 166a , Phlb. 20b ;τὸν . . σὲ καὶ ἐμέib. 59b ; τὸν αὑτόν Id. Phdr. 258a ; onὁ αὐτός, v. αὐτός 111 . before the interrog. Pron. (bothτίςandποῖος), referring to something before, which needs to be more distinctly specified, A. Pr. 251 , Ar. Pax 696 ; alsoτὰ τί; becauseοἷαwent before, ib. 693 . Ofτίςonly the neut. is thus used (v.supr.):ποῖοςis thus used not only in neut. pl.,τὰ ποῖα; E. Ph. 707 ; but also in the other genders,ὁ ποῖος; ib. 1704 ;τῆς ποίας μερίδος; D. 18.64 ;τοῖς ποίοις . .; Arist. Ph. 227b1 . withτοιοῦτος, τοιόσδε, τηλικοῦτος,etc., the Art. either makes the Pron. into aSubst., ὁ τοιοῦτος that sort of person, X. Mem. 4.2.21 , etc.; or subjoins it to aSubst.which already has an Art., τὴν ἀπολογίαν τὴν τοιαύτην D. 41.13 . beforeἅπας, Pi. N. 1.69 , Hdt. 3.64 , 7.153 (s.v.l.), S. OC 1224 (lyr.), D. 18.231 , etc.; alsoτὸν ἕνα, τὸν ἕνα τοῦτον, Arist. Pol. 1287b8 , 1288a19 : on its usage withἕκαστος, v.sub voc.; and onοἱ ἄλλοι, οἱ πολλοί,etc., v. ἄλλος 11.6 , πολύς 11.3 , etc. the Art. with the Comp. is rare, ifἤfollows, S. Ant. 313 , OC 796 . elliptic expressions : before the gen. of a pr.<*>., to express descent,sonordaughter, Θουκυδίδης ὁ Ὀλόρου(sc.υἱός) Th. 4.104 ;Ἑλένη ἡ τοῦ Διός(sc.θυγάτηρ) E. Hel. 470 : also to denote other relationships, e.g.brother, Lys. 32.24 , Alciphr. 2.2.10 ;ἡ Σμικυθίωνος ΜελιστίχηM.the wifeof S. , Ar. Ec. 46 ;Κλέαρχος καὶ οἱ ἐκείνουCl. and hismen, X. An. 1.2.15 ;ὁ τοῦ Ἀντιγένεος the slaveof A. , Hp. Hum. 20 . generally, before a gen. it indicates a wider relation, asτὸ τῶν νεῶν, τὸ τῶν Ἑρμῶν, the matter ofthe ships,the affair ofthe Hermae, Th. 4.23 , 6.60 ;τὰ τοῦ Ἀρριβαίου πράσσεινto promotethe interestsof Arrhibaeus, Id. 4.83 , cf. 6.89 , etc.;τὸ τῆς τύχης,=ἡ τύχη, Id. 4.18 ;τὰ τῆς τύχης accidents, chance events,ib. 55 ;τὰ γὰρ φθιτῶν τοῖς ὁρῶσι κόσμοςperformance ofthe rites due tothe dead befits the living, E. Supp. 78 (lyr.);τὰ τῶν θεῶν that which is destinedby the gods, S. Tr. 498 (lyr.) : hence with neut. of Possessive Pron.,τὸ ἐμόν, τὸ σόν, what regardsme or thee, my or thy business or interests, S. Aj. 124 , El. 251 , etc.: and with gen. of 3 pers., τὸ τῆσδε E. Hipp. 48 . Butτό τινοςis freq. also,a man's wordorsaying,as τὸ τοῦ Σόλωνος Hdt. 1.86 ;τὸ τοῦ Ὁμήρου asHomer says, Pl. Tht. 183e ; alsoτά τινοςso-and-so'shouse, Ar. V. 1432 , D. 54.7 , Theoc. 2.76 , Herod. 5.52 , Ev.Luc. 2.49 . very freq. with cases governed by Preps . .αἱ ἐκ τῆς Ζακύνθου νῆες theships from Zacynthus, Th. 4.13 ;οἱ ἀμφί τινα, οἱ περί τινα,such an one and his followers, v. ἀμφί c. 1.3 ,περίc. 1.2 ; alsoτὰ ἐπὶ Θρᾴκης theThrace-warddistrict, Th. 1.59 , al.;τὰ ἀπὸ τοῦ καταστρώματος matterson deck, Id. 7.70 ;τὰ ἀπ' Ἀλκιβιάδου the proposalsof Alcibiades, Id. 8.48 ;τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς τύχης the incidentsof fortune, Id. 2.87 , etc. onμὰ τόν, μὰ τήν,etc., v. μά IV. in elliptical phrases,ἐπορευόμην τὴν ἔξω τείχους(sc.ὁδόν) Pl. Ly. 203a ;ἡ ἐπὶ θανάτῳ(sc.στολή, δέσις), v. θάνατος ;κατὰ τὴν ἐμήν(sc.γνώμην), v. ἐμός 11.4 ;ἡ αὔριον(sc.ἡμέρα), v. αὔριον ;ἡ Λυδιστί(sc.ἁρμονία) Arist. Pol. 1342b32 , etc.: freq. with Advs., which thus take an adj. sense, asὁ,ἡ , τὸ νῦν; ὁ οἴκαδε πλοῦς Th. 1.52 ;οἱ τότε, οἱ ἔπειτα(sc.ἄνθρωποι), ib. 9 , 10 , etc. ; butτόstands abs. with Advs. of time and place, when one cannot (as in the preceding instances) supply aSubst., as κἀκεῖσε καὶ τὸ δεῦρο E. Ph. 266 , cf. [315] (lyr.); ὁ μὲν τὸ κεῖθεν, ὁ δὲ τὸ κεῖθεν Id. Or. 1412 (lyr.): rarely abs. in gen.,ἰέναι τοῦ πρόσωto go forward, X. An. 1.3.1 ; τοῦ προσωτάτω δραμεῖν S. Aj. 731 . as RELATIVE PRONOUN in many dialects ; both in nom. sg. masc.ὅ,as κλῦθί μοι, ὃ χθιζὸς θεὸς ἤλυθες Od. 2.262 , cf. 1.300 , al. ; Ἔρως, ὃ κατ' ὀμμάτων στάζεις πόθον E. Hipp. 526 (lyr.); Ἄδωνις, ὃ κἠν Ἀχέροντι φιλεῖται Theoc. 15.86 ;ὃ ἐξορύξη he whobanishes him, Schwyzer 679.12 , 25 (Cyprus) ; and in the forms beginning withτ, esp. in Hom. ( Od. 4.160 , al.), Hdt. 1.7 , al.: also in Ion. Poets, ἐν τῷ κάθημαι Archil. 87.3 , cf. Semon. 7.3 , Anacr. 86 (prob.), Herod. 2.64 , al.: freq. in Trag., τῆς S. OC 1258 , Tr. 381 , 728 , E. Alc. 883 (anap.); τῷ S. Ph. 14 ; τήν Id. OC 747 , Tr. 47 , El. 1144 ;τό Id. OT 1427 ;τῶνib. 1379 , Ant. 1086 .—Never in Com. or Att. Prose :— Ep. gen. sg. τεῦ Il. 18.192 (s.v.l.). CRASIS OF ARTICLE : Att. ὁ,ἡ,τό, withᾰmakeᾱ, asἁνήρ, ἁλήθεια, τἀγαθόν, τᾄτιον; soοἱ,αἱ,τά, asἅνδρες, τἀγαθά; alsoτοῦ, τῷ,asτἀγαθοῦ, τἀγαθῷ:ὁ,τό,οἱ, before e givesου , οὑξ, οὑπί, οὑμός, τοὔργον, οὑπιχώριοι,etc.; alsoτοῦ,asτοὐμοῦ, τοὐπιόντος; butἅτερος, θάτερον(̄̆̆), Ion. οὕτερος, τοὔτερον(v.ἕτερος), Att. fem.ἡτέρα,dat.θητέρᾳ(v.ἕτερος);τῷloses the iota,τὠμῷ, τὠπιόντι:ὁ,τό, beforeοgivesου,asΟὁδυσσεύς, Οὑλύμπιος, τοὔνομα:ὁ,τό, etc., beforeαυgivesᾱυ , αὑτός, ταὐτό, ταὐτῷ(freq. writtenἁτός,etc. in Inscrr. and Pap.); soτὰ αὐτά=ταὐτά, αἱ αὐταί=αὑταί:ἡbeforeεὐgivesηὑ,asηὑλάβεια:τῇbeforeἡgivesθη, asθἠμέρᾳ:τὸbeforeὑgivesθου, asθοὔδωρforτὸ ὕδωρ. other dialects : in their treatment of crasis these follow the local laws of contraction, hence, e.g., Dor. ὡξfrom ὁ ἐξ Theoc. 1.65 ,ὥλαφοςfromὁ ἔλαφοςib. 135 ; Ion. ᾡσυμνήτηςfromὁ αἰς- SIG 57.45 (Milet.,v B.C.) ;ὡυτήfrom ἡ αὐτή Heraclit. 60 , etc.